The Psychology of Narcissism

Long before the first selfie, the ancient Greeks

and Romans had a myth about someone obsessed

with his own image.

Narcissus fell in love with his reflection in a river

and was unable to tear himself away, eventually drowning.

This myth captures the basic idea of narcissism:

elevated and sometimes detrimental self-involvement.

Psychologists define narcissism as an inflated,

grandiose self-image where individuals think

they are better looking, smarter,

and more important than others.

Here is a breakdown of the types and traits of narcissism.

1. Two Forms of Narcissism

Psychologists recognize two forms of narcissism as a personality trait:

• Grandiose Narcissism: This is the most familiar kind, characterized by extroversion, dominance, and attention-seeking. These individuals often pursue power and status as politicians, celebrities, or leaders to get attention.
• Vulnerable Narcissism: These individuals can be quiet and reserved. They have a strong sense of entitlement but are easily threatened or slighted.

2. The Dark Side of Narcissism

Over the long term,

the negative effects of narcissism begin to show.

• Selfish Behavior: Narcissistic leaders may make risky or unethical decisions, and partners may be dishonest or unfaithful.
• Aggression: When their rosy view of themselves is challenged, they can become resentful and aggressive.
• Suffering: It is described like a disease where the sufferer feels pretty good, but the people around them suffer.

3. Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)

This is an extreme form of the behavior classified

as a psychological disorder. It affects 1-2% of the population,

more commonly men, and is diagnosed only in adults.

Traits associated with NPD include:

• A grandiose view of oneself.
• Problems with empathy.
• A sense of entitlement.
• A need for admiration or attention.

What makes it a disorder is that these traits take over people’s lives

and cause significant problems,

such as using family members solely as sources of admiration

or rejecting all constructive feedback.

4. Causes of Narcissism

The causes are a mix of genetics and environment.

• Genetics: Twin studies show a strong genetic component.
• Parenting: Parents who put their child on a pedestal can foster grandiose narcissism, while cold, controlling parents can contribute to vulnerable narcissism.
• Culture: Narcissism is higher in cultures that value individuality and self-promotion. In the US, for example, it has been rising since the 1970s alongside the self-esteem movement and materialism.

5. Can Narcissists Improve?

Yes, improvement is possible.

Anything that promotes honest reflection

and caring for others—like psychotherapy

or practicing compassion—can be helpful.

However, the challenge is that self-reflection is difficult for narcissists

when viewed from an unflattering angle.

Continue reading:

The Psychology of People Who Don’t Have Friends

The Psychology of People Who Don’t Post Their Photos on Social Media